Assume a broker is operating an IDX website and a data pirate visits the site and begins scraping data. Further, the party distributes this data through a separate, competing website and adversely affects the business of the broker. What are the broker’s or the MLS’s legal options against this data pirate? Currently, there is no mechanism for completely protecting data on broker IDX websites from data piracy. Federal copyright law protects some data available on broker IDX websites. For example, it protects the photographs, so if a pirate steals and uses the photographs, the MLS (or brokers) will have legally enforceable rights. But the majority of the information is factual and not protected by copyright (see Elizabeth’s previous posts on copyrights – part I and part II). Principles of electronic contracting provide one way to get the legal upper hand over pirates even where the factual information is concerned.
“Click-wrap” vs. “browse-wrap”
Web site owners often want to impose terms, conditions, and even contractual obligations on visitors to their sites. The two most common approaches that web sites use are “click-wrap” and “browse-wrap” agreements. Click-wrap contracts specifically require a visitor to click a box or button where she is affirmatively agreeing to certain terms and provisions. This might work in various ways:- Before getting to the search page, the consumer must click on a box or button that says “I agree to the end-user license agreement” (with a link to the full text of the agreement).
- The “SEARCH” button is grayed out and will not work until the visitor checks a box next to it that says “I agree to the end-user license agreement” (with a link to the full text of the agreement).
In contrast, browse-wrap agreements are theoretically created by the visitor merely accessing the website, with the terms and conditions being available somewhere on the site. But the visitor is not required to take any affirmative step to assent to the agreement. There are many different approaches to browse-wrap, but here are two common ones:
- The site prominently displays the language “Use of this site is subject to the terms of use” (with a link to the full text of the terms of use). This might entail displaying the notice near the top of the web page or next to the “SEARCH” button whenever it occurs.
- The site displays “Terms of use” (with a link to the full text of the terms of use) at the bottom of each page of the site, in small type, often in a color that does not contrast markedly with the page background.
Note that the NAR VOW policy and rules require the use of a click-wrap agreement: under Section 19.3(d) of NAR’s model rules, the “participant shall require each Registrant [site visitor] to review and affirmatively to express agreement (by mouse click or otherwise) to a terms of use provision....” But NAR’s model IDX rules, in Section 18.3.8, provide only:
Participants... shall indicate on their websites that IDX information is provided exclusively for consumers’ personal, non-commercial use, that it may not be used for any purpose other than to identify prospective properties consumers may be interested in purchasing....
The law of online contracting varies from state to state, but in the modern trend, click-wrap contracts are generally enforceable, while browse-wrap “agreements” often are not. Especially unlikely to be enforced are browse-wrap “agreements” where the terms of use are posted inconspicuously. Thus, the click-wrap agreements on VOW sites are likely to be binding in site visitors; the browse-wraps on most IDX sites are likely not binding agreements.
An MLS looking to increase legal protections for its data should consider altering its IDX policies to require a click-through on IDX sites, where the visitor to the site affirmatively assents to the limitations in the IDX policies. We’ve drafted these rule changes and also helped MLSs distribute model “end-user license agreements” for their brokers to use on IDX sites. This simplifies the process.
Two concerns
Some brokers are concerned that consumers will not be willing to click through a license agreement to search listings or to see listing results. The evidence we have from our clients that have implemented this requirement in IDX does not support such a claim. That’s not surprising, when almost any web-based service you use requires you to click through an agreement first.
Second, some folks will argue that data piracy is practically not worth pursuing: the listing data ends up everywhere at the listing agent’s direction anyway... why make a fuss about it? This is a strategic question. We like to think that we can help MLSs help brokers influence how their listings are used, even if we cannot give them absolute control. Your MLS might think this is not important enough to take action.
Data piracy is a problem, but how important is it to you? The conventional form of legal protection (federal copyright law) is incomplete, while online contracting tools provide powerful improvements. What are your thoughts?
-Brian
10 comments:
I don't think the click-wrap way was intended to be the only restriction for someone getting access to sold mls info in california. If you read the vow poicy on calredd.com it clearly states that a consumer must be involved with a consumer broker relationship "WITH ALL AGENCY AND DISCLOSURE NEEDS BEING MET." What I take this to mean is that the standard car docs for agency should be signed (docusigned) by the consumer AND they should click-wrap agree to the vow terms and conditions. Just clicking through to get access, will be done by everyone and then they will bounce around to other realtors. I think the interpretation of the settlement is all wrong. It was intended that consumer legally be a realtor's client before they get access. Not click-wrap only. Even if click-wrap is legally binding, there is no way a realtor will have time to sue a consumer for click-wrap agreeing to be their client on their website if the consumer then goes to another realtor to help them buy the house. Realtors do not have time to sue. In sum, I really think something needs to be done to change all the vow providers "perception of the rules" that click-wrap only is fine. - The actual calredd vow policy says they are suppossed to legally be your client with all agency and diclosure requirements met.
Also, fsbos are going to MILK the mls pending and sold data now if all they have to do is click-wrap through to get the data. Realtor.com just announced that they are going to monopolize the world with beta.realtor.com vow. If consumers can get all the value of the mls database (that we agents pay for) for free then people's need for a realtor diminishes significantly. I repeat click-wrap only should not be sufficient to get the data. A fsbo could creat a fake email, use foxy-proxy to hide their ip and click-wrap in to get the data. This will happen. I hope someone out there can do something to require that binding agency agreements should be signed before a consumer gets access to the sold data. It should be something like, you sign the agency agreement agreeing to pay a commission to the agent giving you access to the sold data, if you buy or sell within the next 6 months. Then this agreement should have to be renewed every 3 months so there is never a time when someone could get the data without being legally committed to a realtor.com
@Anon: Your comments about VOWs are well-taken. But this post really just addresses IDX. I'm not suggesting that a click-through is a sufficient means of establishing a brokerage relationship on-line. But it is a necessary step under the VOW policy.
Under the IDX policy, which now permits sold data in some markets as well, the site visitor does not even need to click-through - she may not be legally bound...
-Brian
Do you know if california is allowing idx websites to show sold data? Specifically calredd mls? Their policies are vague. I thought you could only share sold info if it was on your brokerage's listings. Feel free to ignore, I know this is not your job to interpret the rules. I just never heard of idx allowing showing sold data. And if realtor.com starts showing the mls sold data easily to consumers without them being agent's clients, I will work to get our mls to dump realtor.com. They take our data, give it to consumers, then sell add space back to us at astronomical prices. Something is wrong with that.
@Anon: Sorry - I don't know the answer to your question about California MLSs and sold data in IDX.
-B
Excellent Article Brian,
There are 2 types of piracy going on. The first is scraping, but the second is the reselling of data by IDX vendors.
Anti-Scraping rules and click-wraps are an absolutely "critical path" for the model IDX rules. These provisions should have been added to the rules and regs years ago, and shame on Mt. Olympus for not taking action sooner.
IDX vendors get contacted EVERY DAY from third parties interested in purchasing data. How does the MLS stop that? The WAV Group is constructing some thoughts around this topic. We recently met with a leading MLS and a few leading IDX vendors to construct some initial ideas. Your input would be more than welcome.
1. It would be great if you could draft and submit model language for MLSs to consider adding to their IDX rules and regulations. CMLS could publish them.
2. There could be an Association of IDX vendors formed. They would opt into a set of well defined guidelines, and cooperate amongst each other to share defensive mechanisms for preventing piracy. MLS compliance officers and/or other staff or EOs could also participate in the organization in an effort to create anti-piracy cooperation. IDX vendors could also inform the association about suspicious inquiries into schemes to acquire the data illegally.
Number 2 may seem far fetched, but everyone I have spoken to about it likes the concept. Give me a call to discuss further.
While screenscraping is always a concern on the Internet, the far broader impact is from the improper resale of MLS content by entities which have (properly) licensed it for a different purpose. One simple step all content owners should take is to periodically ask their licensees to recertify that licensed content is not being resold, and to make it clear to the purchasers of that content that they have an obligation to ensure that they are obtaining it from a party with a right to provide it.
What about search engine indexing?
How do you get googlebot to agree to the click wrap terms?
Or, is this just another misguided run at keeping IDX content from being indexed by search engines?
Trulia, Zillow don't have click wrap.
What about Realtor.com?
Realtor.com needs to have click wrap too to be fair to us brokers... aka those creating the MLS content.
@Little Broker: A click wrap can be structured so as not to disrupt the Google indexing bot - the displaying broker who wants to be indexed can easily accommodate that. Google is then bound by the agreement under (automated) agency theory. This can actually address some of the concerns about IDX site indexing generally.
I'd like to see Realtor.com use a click-through. It would be easy enough. Perhaps NAR could persuade them to do so - none of my individual MLS clients has ever been able to do it.
As for Trulia and Zillow, MLSs can't really tell them what to do... but listing brokers have the right not to send their stuff to those sites if they don't like the terms.
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